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J. GOR A) [8, 9]. The T-score thresholds for analysis of osteopenia and osteoporosis are demonstrated in Table ?Table44 [4, 8]; note that Z-scores are not used to diagnose osteoporosis. The optimal interval between DXA scan screening (or FRAX assessment) is unfamiliar. Repeat DXA scanning should be considered after 1C2 years for those with baseline advanced osteopenia (T-score, ?2.00 to ?2.49) and after 5 years for mild to moderate osteopenia (T-score, ?1.01 to ?1.99) (CEBM 2b, GOR B) [10, 11]. The optimal interval for rescreening is also unclear for individuals with normal BMD (T-score ?1) by DXA testing, although data from the general populace suggest an interval of up to 15 years [10]. Rescreening should be considered earlier in those who have a new fragility fracture or develop a fresh major osteoporosis risk element (CEBM 5). Table 4. Bone Mineral Denseness T- and Z-Score Thresholds for Dedication of S-8921 Osteopenia and Osteoporosis on-line (http://cid.oxfordjournals.org). Supplementary materials consist of data provided by the author that are published to benefit the reader. The posted materials are not copyedited. The material of all supplementary data are the only responsibility of the authors. Questions or communications concerning errors should be resolved to the author. Supplementary Data: Click here to view. Notes em Acknowledgments. /em ?The Osteo Renal Exchange program (OREP) was conducted to provide guidance to assist human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) healthcare professionals in the identification and management of patients with bone and/or renal diseases based on evidence and/or expert opinion. The program involved 34 specialists from 16 countries, mainly infectious disease professionals with medical encounter in HIV, bone, or renal disease. The OREP also included nephrologists and endocrinologists with a special interest and encounter in HIV. All S-8921 were selected for participation by AbbVie with input from your Steering Committee (William Powderly [Chair], Todd Brown, Lynda Szczech, Carl Knud Schewe, Giovanni Guaraldi, Boris Renjifo). We acknowledge here the participation of Carl Knud Schewe, Lynda Szczech, Luis Soto-Ramirez, Mohamed Atta, Corinne Isnard-Bagnis, Frank Post, Gregory Kaminskiy, Lauro Pinto Neto, Alexandre Naime, Emmanuelle Plaisier, Lee Man-po, Paolo Maggi, Antonio Belasi, Toshio Naito, Joaquin Portilla, Chia-Jui Yang, Serhat Unal, Barry Peters, Eugenia Negredo, and Ansgar Rieke. This manuscript reports the bone disease results of the OREP. This international survey and conversation system culminated in the agreement of statements relating to the screening, treatment, and monitoring of both renal and bone disease in HIV. The content of the program was developed from the Steering Committee and the participants. Boris Renjifo, a Medical Director at AbbVie, was a member Rabbit Polyclonal to Tau of the Steering Committee and is cited as an author and, as such, was involved in the development and review of the manuscript. The authors say thanks to Christina Chang, Vincenzo Colangeli, and Franco Grimaldi for conducting literature searches and providing a review of the assisting evidence. em Disclaimer. /em ?AbbVie participated in the review of this manuscript, subject to the concern and approval of the authors. This manuscript displays the opinions of the authors. The authors determined the final content, and all authors read and authorized the final manuscript. em Financial support. /em ?This work was supported by AbbVie, who selected the invited participants to OREP and provided honoraria for the participants’ attendance in the meetings. No payments were made to the authors for the development of this manuscript. Susan Cheer and Lucy Hampson of Lucid Group, Buckinghamshire, UK, offered medical writing.V. resource-limited settings, FRAX without bone mineral density can be substituted for DXA. Recommendations for antiretroviral therapy should be adopted; adjustment should avoid tenofovir disoproxil fumarate or boosted protease inhibitors in at-risk individuals. Dietary and way of life management strategies for high-risk individuals should be used and antiosteoporosis treatment initiated. scores used for those 50 years of age (CEBM 1a, GOR A) [8, 9]. The T-score thresholds for analysis of osteopenia and osteoporosis are demonstrated in Table ?Table44 [4, 8]; note that Z-scores are not used to diagnose osteoporosis. The optimal interval between DXA scan screening (or FRAX assessment) is unfamiliar. Repeat DXA scanning should be considered after 1C2 years for those with baseline advanced osteopenia (T-score, ?2.00 to ?2.49) and after 5 years for mild to moderate osteopenia (T-score, ?1.01 to ?1.99) (CEBM 2b, GOR B) [10, 11]. The optimal interval for rescreening is also unclear for individuals with normal BMD (T-score ?1) by DXA testing, although data from the general populace suggest an interval of up to 15 years [10]. Rescreening should be considered earlier in those who have a new fragility fracture or develop a fresh major osteoporosis risk element (CEBM 5). Table 4. Bone Mineral Denseness T- and Z-Score Thresholds for Dedication of Osteopenia and Osteoporosis on-line (http://cid.oxfordjournals.org). Supplementary materials consist of data provided by the author that are published to benefit the reader. The posted materials are not copyedited. The material of all supplementary data are the only responsibility of the authors. Questions or communications regarding errors should be resolved to the author. Supplementary Data: Click here to view. Notes em Acknowledgments. /em ?The Osteo Renal Exchange program (OREP) was conducted to provide guidance to assist human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) healthcare professionals in the identification and management of patients with bone and/or renal diseases based on evidence and/or expert opinion. The program involved 34 specialists from 16 countries, mainly infectious disease professionals with clinical encounter in HIV, bone, or renal disease. The OREP also included nephrologists and endocrinologists with a special interest and encounter in HIV. All were selected for participation by AbbVie with input from your Steering Committee (William Powderly [Chair], Todd Brown, Lynda Szczech, Carl Knud Schewe, Giovanni Guaraldi, Boris Renjifo). We acknowledge here the participation of Carl Knud S-8921 Schewe, Lynda Szczech, Luis Soto-Ramirez, Mohamed Atta, Corinne Isnard-Bagnis, Frank Post, Gregory Kaminskiy, Lauro Pinto Neto, Alexandre Naime, Emmanuelle Plaisier, Lee Man-po, Paolo S-8921 Maggi, Antonio Belasi, Toshio Naito, Joaquin Portilla, Chia-Jui Yang, Serhat Unal, Barry Peters, Eugenia Negredo, and Ansgar Rieke. This manuscript reports the bone disease outcomes of the OREP. This international survey and conversation system culminated in the agreement of statements relating to the screening, treatment, and monitoring of both renal and bone disease in HIV. The content of the program was developed from the Steering Committee and the participants. Boris Renjifo, a Medical Director at AbbVie, was a member of the Steering Committee and is cited as an author and, as such, was involved in the development and review of the manuscript. The authors say thanks to Christina Chang, Vincenzo Colangeli, and Franco Grimaldi for conducting literature searches and providing a review of the assisting evidence. em Disclaimer. /em ?AbbVie participated in the review of this manuscript, subject to the concern and approval of the authors. This manuscript displays the opinions of the authors. The authors determined the final content, and all authors read and authorized the final manuscript. em Financial support. /em ?This work was supported by AbbVie, who selected the invited participants to OREP and provided honoraria for the participants’ attendance in the meetings. No payments were made to the authors for the development of this manuscript. Susan Cheer and Lucy Hampson of Lucid Group, Buckinghamshire, UK, offered medical writing and editorial support to the authors in the development.